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Drug addiction is a major worldwide medical and social problem.Cocaine,nicotine,methamphetamine,heroin and other psychoactive substances,with small molecular weight,can easily cross the blood-brain barrier and eventually lead to addiction and other serious neuropsychological damage.There is no effective cure for addiction currently.The drug-antibody complex formed on the basis of active or passive immunotherapy could not cross the blood-brain barrier,which reduces the concentration of the free active drug and prevents its distribution in the brain,thereby weakening the drug addiction-related reward effects.It provides a promising way for the treatment of drug addiction.This article reviews the progress of immunotherapy against psychoactive substances such as cocaine,nicotine,methamphetamine and heroin in the past 50 years from the aspects of active immunity,passive immunity,drug metabolism-related enzymes,adjuvants and so on.The goal is to provide some ideas for the development of agents for the treatment of psychoactive substance addiction.
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Humans , Cocaine , Immunotherapy , Methamphetamine , Nicotine , Substance-Related Disorders/therapyABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE:To observe the therapeutic efficacy of active immunization combined with dydrogesterone in the treatment of recurrent abortion,and its effects on serum levels of leptin(LP)and adiponectin(ADPN). METHODS:Totally 103 patients with recurrent abortion from department of gyhecology,Jinan Third People's Hospital during Nov. 2015 to Nov. 2016 were selected as trial group,and then divided into trial group one(n＝51)and trial group two(n＝52)according to admission order. Other 100 normal pregnant women were taken as control group. Trial group one was given active immunization combined with dydrogesterone,including that lymphocytes from the patients'spouse were injected subcutaneously into the patient,every half a month,3 times of active immunization as a course of treatment,and was given Dydrogesterone tablet 10 mg after pregnancy,bid, until 3 months after the pregnancy. Trial group two was given Dydrogesterone tablet 10 mg,bid,until 3 months after the pregnancy. The serum levels of β-HCG,LP and ADPN were compared between trial group and control group at admission,the serum levels of β-HCG,LP,ADPN and pregnancy outcome(recurrent abortion,full-term pregnancy and successful delivery rate) was compared between 2 trial groups after treatment. RESULTS:At admission,the serum levels of β-HCG,LP and ADPN in trial group were significantly lower than control group. After treatment,the levels of β-HCG,LP and ADPN,successful delivery rate and full-term pregnancy rate in trial group one were significantly higher than trial group two, recurrent abortion rate was significantly lower than trial group two,with statistical significance(P＜0.05). No adverse reactions were observed in the study. CONCLUSIONS:The use of active immunization combined with dydrogesterone can significantly improve the serum levels of LP and ADPN as well as pregnancy outcome,with good safety.
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Objective To investigate the efficacy of active immunization combined with dydrogesterone in the treatment of recurrent spontaneous abortion,and the expression of serum leptin(LP)and adiponectin(ADPN).Methods 51 cases of inpatient and outpatient treatment of repeated abortion of 51 pregnant women from January 2014 to December 2015 in Ningbo Fenghua People's Hospital of Zhejiang Province were selected,and 50 cases of normal pregnant women and normal nonpregnant women 50 cases as a control object.Depending on the treatment method,patients with recurrent spontaneous abortion were divided into combination group(n=26)and monotherapy group(n=25).The levels of LP,ADPN and β-HCG were measured before and after treatment,and the number of successful pregnancies.Results The levels of LP and ADPN in serum were measured in three groups of women,there were statistically significant differences between the two groups(P<0.05).The serum levels of β-HCG in the pregnant women with recurrent spontaneous abortion group were(3914.5±2548.2)mIU,and the normal pregnancy group was(7124.5±2847.6)mIU,the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).After treatment,the levels of LP,ADPN and β-HCG in the combination group were significantly increased,and successful pregnancy as high as 88.46％,better than the level of monotherapy group,the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).Conclusion Serum LP,ADPN lower levels of pregnant women prone to recurrent spontaneous abortion,through active immunization combined with dexamethasone treatment,can significantly improve the hormone level,improve the success rate of pregnancy.
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Objective To investigate the effect of active immunization on prevention of post-transplantation de novo hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in patients receiving liver grafts from hepatitis B core antibody (HBcAb) positive donors.Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted. Eighty-seven children undergoing liver transplantation from HBcAb positive donors admitted to Tianjin First Center Hospital from October 2012 to December 2016 were enrolled, and the data of donors and recipients were collected. The hepatitis B vaccine was given before operation for hepatitis B surface antibody (HBsAb) >1000 U/L; hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) 100 U/kg was given during the operation, in order to prevent children from HBV infected by obtaining passive immunity quickly, children with HBsAb< 200 U/L after operation were injected with hepatitis B vaccine for booster immunization. HBV markers and liver function of recipients were determined before liver transplantation and during the follow-up, which up to April 2017. According to the children got de novo HBV infection after operation or not, the preventive effect of active immunization before and after transplantation operation on HBV infection was analyzed and compared.Results In 87 children who received HBcAb positive donor livers, 9 (10.3％) developed de novo HBV infection, which occurred in 16 (10, 25) months after liver transplantation. Among the 9 children with HBV infection, 7 children had HBsAb < 1000 U/L before the operation, the ratio was statistically increased as compared with the children without HBV infection [77.8％ (7/9) vs. 37.2％ (29/78),P < 0.05]. After the transplantation, 62 children of 78 without HBV infection showed a good response to hepatitis B vaccination, 1 child after inoculation of hepatitis B vaccine, the titer of HBsAb was still less than 200 U/L, 15 children without administration of hepatitis B vaccine, only with HBIG injection for prevention. The HBsAb of children with de nove HBV infection were less than 200 U/L after operation, the ratio was significantly increased as compared with children without HBV infection [100.0％ (9/9) vs. 20.5％ (16/78),P < 0.01].Conclusions The establishment of active immunization method can effectively prevent children with de novo HBV infection occurred inpediatric recipients from HBcAb positive donors with preventive treatment.
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Objective To investigate the effect of active immunization on prevention of post-transplantation de novo hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in patients receiving liver grafts from hepatitis B core antibody (HBcAb) positive donors.Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted. Eighty-seven children undergoing liver transplantation from HBcAb positive donors admitted to Tianjin First Center Hospital from October 2012 to December 2016 were enrolled, and the data of donors and recipients were collected. The hepatitis B vaccine was given before operation for hepatitis B surface antibody (HBsAb) >1000 U/L; hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) 100 U/kg was given during the operation, in order to prevent children from HBV infected by obtaining passive immunity quickly, children with HBsAb< 200 U/L after operation were injected with hepatitis B vaccine for booster immunization. HBV markers and liver function of recipients were determined before liver transplantation and during the follow-up, which up to April 2017. According to the children got de novo HBV infection after operation or not, the preventive effect of active immunization before and after transplantation operation on HBV infection was analyzed and compared.Results In 87 children who received HBcAb positive donor livers, 9 (10.3％) developed de novo HBV infection, which occurred in 16 (10, 25) months after liver transplantation. Among the 9 children with HBV infection, 7 children had HBsAb < 1000 U/L before the operation, the ratio was statistically increased as compared with the children without HBV infection [77.8％ (7/9) vs. 37.2％ (29/78),P < 0.05]. After the transplantation, 62 children of 78 without HBV infection showed a good response to hepatitis B vaccination, 1 child after inoculation of hepatitis B vaccine, the titer of HBsAb was still less than 200 U/L, 15 children without administration of hepatitis B vaccine, only with HBIG injection for prevention. The HBsAb of children with de nove HBV infection were less than 200 U/L after operation, the ratio was significantly increased as compared with children without HBV infection [100.0％ (9/9) vs. 20.5％ (16/78),P < 0.01].Conclusions The establishment of active immunization method can effectively prevent children with de novo HBV infection occurred inpediatric recipients from HBcAb positive donors with preventive treatment.
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Alzheimer's disease(AD),the most common form of dementia,it is lack of effective cure or preventive treatment.Dementias in the elder are an increasing medical,social and economic problems and current treatments are only mildly effective.Recently,amyloid-beta protein(A?) has become a major therapeutic target.A? vaccine treatment can improve cognition in the patients with AD,but adverse events,such as meningencephalitis were observed in clinical study.The passive A? immunotherapy in humans is effective with possible safety.However,patients need to be monitored carefully.
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BACKGROUND: 1-8D gene is a member of human 1-8 interferon inducible gene family and was shown to be overexpressed in fresh colon cancer tissues. Three peptides 1-6, 3-5 and 3-7 derived from human 1-8D gene were shown to have immunogenicity against colon cancer. METHODS: To study tumor immunotherapy of three peptides we established an active immunization model using HHD mice. D(b-/-) x beta2 microglobulin (beta2 m) null mice transgenic for a chimeric HLA-A2.1/D(b-)beta2 m single chain (HHD mice) were challenged with B16/HHD/1-8D tumor cells and were immunized with irradiated peptide-loaded RMA- S/HHD/B7.1 transfectants. In therapy model tumor growth was retarded in HHD mice that were injected with 3-5 peptide-loaded RMA-S/HHD/B7.1. In survival test vaccination with 1-8D-derived peptide protects HHD mice from tumor progression after tumor challenge. RESULTS: These studies show that peptide 3-5 derived from 1-8D gene can be the most effective candidate for the vaccine of immunotherapy against colon cancer and highlight 1-8D gene as putative colon carcinoma associated antigens. CONCLUSION: We demonstrated that RMA-S/HHD/ B7.1 loaded with 1-8D peptides, especially 3-5, immunization generates potent antitumor immunity against tumor cells in HHD mice and designed active immunization as proper immunotherapeutic protocols.
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Animals , Humans , Mice , Antigens, Tumor-Associated, Carbohydrate , Colon , Colonic Neoplasms , Immunization , Immunotherapy , Interferons , Peptides , VaccinationABSTRACT
The study was done to gain experience with the active immunization method for vaccine potency testing. It also determined the relative potency of locally prepared vaccines compared with foreign prepared vaccinesWhite Swiss mice equally distributed as to sex were used as control and test groups. Granular mucin type 1201-w, strain of Salmonella typhosa, and three vaccines (vaccines A,B, and C) were used. The procedure used was the mucin technique of RakeThe LD50 dose was found to be 0.5 ml of a dilution of 10-5-752. It was felt necessary to enhance virulence of the organism, thus another determination was done after two passages. Results of potency determination showed that vaccine A gave a protection to approximately 1,500 LD50 dose. However, vaccines B and C failed to protect immunized animals against the minimal number of LD50 doses measurable in the range of the tests conductedFurther studies involving V: antigen are deemed needed to supplement this initial experience
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BACKGROUND: The risk of rubella infection is higher in hospital workers than in others because of high possibility of exposure to rubella viruses. Moreover, rubella infection during pregnancy can cause serious problems, special preventive measures should be taken for female employees in the hospital. METHODS: This study was performed from October to December, 1995 and the subjects were 307 female employees in a university hospital, who were aged 20 to 40 and had many chances cf exposure to rubella patient during working. Rubella virus antibody was detected by the method of ELISA. For the antibody-negative employees, we gave active immunization and retested the antibody titer after six weeks. RESULTS: Among 307 subjects, 289 cases (94.1%) were positive for rubella IgG antibody. There was no significant difference in positive rates of rubella antibody by type of occupation, age, medical department, and duration employed. The seroconversion rate was 93.8% (15/16). CONCLUSIONS: According to these findings, we recommend that the employees in the hospital, especially women aged 20 to 40 should be checked for Rubella Ab (IgG) and be vaccinated when they don't have it.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Pregnancy , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Immunoglobulin G , Occupations , Rubella virus , Rubella , VaccinationABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The risk of rubella infection is higher in hospital workers than in others because of high possibility of exposure to rubella viruses. Moreover, rubella infection during pregnancy can cause serious problems, special preventive measures should be taken for female employees in the hospital. METHODS: This study was performed from October to December, 1995 and the subjects were 307 female employees in a university hospital, who were aged 20 to 40 and had many chances cf exposure to rubella patient during working. Rubella virus antibody was detected by the method of ELISA. For the antibody-negative employees, we gave active immunization and retested the antibody titer after six weeks. RESULTS: Among 307 subjects, 289 cases (94.1%) were positive for rubella IgG antibody. There was no significant difference in positive rates of rubella antibody by type of occupation, age, medical department, and duration employed. The seroconversion rate was 93.8% (15/16). CONCLUSIONS: According to these findings, we recommend that the employees in the hospital, especially women aged 20 to 40 should be checked for Rubella Ab (IgG) and be vaccinated when they don't have it.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Pregnancy , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Immunoglobulin G , Occupations , Rubella virus , Rubella , VaccinationABSTRACT
The serum tetanus antitoxin was quantitatively measured in the blood of a group consisting of 358 healthy pregnant women and cord blood by ELISA. Only 3 percent of pregnant women before receiving immunization against tetanus had a protective level titre of 0.01 IU/ml or more. After 2 injections of 10 Lf absorbed tetanus toxoid, 95 percent of maternal blood and 90 percent of cord blood samples had a protective level titre. Antitoxin levels were directly related to the interval between injections. Two widely spaced injections, 6 weeks or more produced more protective results than 4 or 5 weeks intervals. Even though deliveries took place 1-3 weeks after a basic immunization course, 75 percent of cord blood had 0.1 IU/ml or more of serum tetanus antitoxin.
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Objective:To observe the effects of active immunization with a synthesized repetitive peptides in the extracellular loops of Na/Ca exchanger(NCX)?1 on cardiac structure and function in rats.Methods:A repetitive peptide of 124 HNFTAGDLGPSTIVGSAAFNMF145 was synthesized,which was in line with the extracellular loops of Na/Ca exchanger(NCX)?1.Healthly male Wistar rats of 2 month age were immunized actively with the synthesized peptide as antigen repeated for 12 weeks.The control group was given Freund's adjuvant only.Specific antibodies were detected by ELISA.The cardiac function was observed by Langendorff isolated heart-perfusing assay and the hearts were prepared for routine histological evaluation.Results:All rats immunized with the peptide developed highly positive autoimmunities,indicated by the antibody titers.After 12 weeks of peptide inoculation,the cardiac functioning indexes including LVSP-LVDP,+dp/dtmax and -dp/dtmax increased much more significantly in immunized group than in control.Histological evaluation showed that the myofilaments of the control group arranged regularly and densely with better continuity,whereas the myofilaments of the immunized group were lined with disorder.Some of those were ruptured.The interstitial lymphocyte infiltration was observed.Conclusion:The results indicate that long term immunization with the synthesized repeatitive peptide in line with the extracellular parts of Na/Ca exchanger(NCX)?1 can enhance both systolic and diastolic function of rat heart,but it can also induce injury in the heart structure.This may relate with an increase of myocardial oxygen consumption owing to a long time and continued excitement of membrane ion transporters as well as their active effect in heart contraction to a larger extent.
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Objective: To investigate the relationship between the melatonin and the development of testicle in rabbits. Methods: Thirty male rabbits (unreach puberty) were randomly divided into 2 groups:15 were actively immunized with melatonin and complete antigen, which was successfully synthesized through Mannich reaction by combining melatonin with BSA, the other 15 were taken as controls.The specific antibodies of rabbits were detected by ELISA and RIA.The serum testosterone(T) and luteinizing hormone(LH) were detected by RIA, the mass of testicle or epididymis and the number of sperm were measured. Results: The serum T and LH concentration in experiment group were significantly lower than that in the control group.The mass of testicle or epididymis and the number of sperm in experiment group were also significantly lower than that in the control group. Conclusion: The results suggest that the immunization of melatonin can block the development of testicle in male rabbits.